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22 Sep 2021 | STUDY
The main aim of the Study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current situation in cross-border mediation in civil and commercial matters in the Western Balkans Six and its potential for facilitating resolution of trade disputes between the parties in the region, also in the context of the Common Regional Market 2021-2024 Action Plan.
This Study was implemented between April and July 2021 by a team of ADR experts: Mr. Leonardo D’Urso (Italy), Mr. Blažo Nedić and Ms. Ana Dešić (Serbia).
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Countries and Regions analysed: Austria, Greece, Italy, Singapore, the Netherlands, Turkey, Western Balkans
June 2021
This is a product developed within the Technical Cooperation Project: Commercial Mediation in the Republic of Serbia (Phase II) implemented by EBRD and IDLO and financed by the Great-Duchy of Luxembourg.
The study was prepared by a team of experts that included Leonardo D’Urso, ADR Center’s CEO.
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Ten years since its adoption, the EU Mediation Directive remains very far from reaching its stated goals of encouraging the use of mediation and especially achieving a “balanced relationship between mediation and judicial proceedings” (Article 1).
The paradox of mediation – universally praised and promoted, but still used in less than 1 percent of the cases in civil and commercial litigation in the EU – grows disturbingly bigger as official data and multiple studies have clearly shown that the best way, if not the only one, to increase significantly the number of mediated disputes is to require that litigants make a serious and reasonable initial effort at mediation.
Prof. Giuseppe De Palo – Ombudsman for United Nations Funds and Programmes, Professor of Alternative Dispute Resolution Law and Practice at Mitchell Hamline School of Law, St Paul, U.S., Co-Founder of ADR Center – on 29 November 2018 has developped this detailed publication for the EU Parliament
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This tool – adopted at the 31st plenary meeting of the CEPEJ, Strasbourg, 3-4 December 2018 – sets out a number of principles to which mediation centers, institutes or other mediation providers may voluntarily decide to commit themselves. It may be used by mediation providers (including all their employees and affiliated persons) that offer mediation services in different fields of disputes such as civil, commercial, family, administrative and penal matters.
This code is coherent and may be used in conjuction with the European Code of Conduct for Mediators developed in 2004 under the auspices of the European Union, and with the Council of Europe and the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) reccommendations, guidelines and other instruments on mediation and ADR.
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The Italian statistics from the past four years give a clear illustration of drastically different results from the three different types of recourse to mediation currently in place.
The contrasting results occur within the same jurisdiction—with the same citizens, lawyers, judges—and prove the number of mediations
is not dependent on the “culture” or quality of mediators, but the most effective legislative mediation in place.
Article by Leonardo D’Urso – CEO, ADR Center.
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A decade in, here’s a report on studies of the European Commission’s directive requiring mediation in cross-border disputes.
The work confirms early indications that actual use is low, and the original EC aspirations aren’t being met.
The European Parliament resolves to make mediation the commonplace practice envisioned when it passed the directive in the first place. More efforts appear to be on the horizon.
Article by Leonardo D’Urso – CEO, ADR Center.
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ADR assistance projects are often being built around a model of delivering pre-existing and pre-built training courses to various audiences, with the result that local professionals are trained as mediators out of the local context. This approach may develop capacity to mediate, but does not effectively create a dynamic and sustainable mediation system. ADR Center’s much broader scope of business has allowed to develop a much more comprehensive and effective approach to ADR development.
Both daily experience in the administration of mediation and 20 years of international experience in ADR capacity building assistance, have developed the comprehensive proven system “ADR Center Two Track Methodology”. More than 50 activities and deliverables make up the two tracks which represent the demand and the supply side of ADR.
The publication was written by Leonardo D’Urso, Constantin-Adi Gavrila and Romina Canessa.
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Following its reactivation in 2017, the CEPEJ working group on mediation (CEPEJ-GT-MED) assessed the concrete impact within the 47 Member States of the CEPEJ Guidelines it had developed in 2007 regarding : penal mediation (CEPEJ(2007)13), family and civil mediation (CEPEJ(2007)14) and alternatives to litigation between administrative authorities and private parties (CEPEJ(2007)15). In order to achieve this goal, a questionnaire composed of 31 questions divided into four main sections corresponding to the four types of mediation (civil, family, penal and administrative) was developed by Leonardo D’Urso, CEPEJ-GT-MED scientific expert. The questionnaire was validated by the members of CEPEJ-GT-MED and sent to all 47 CEPEJ national correspondents in July 2017. All individual replies were recorded in an online platform managed by the Secretariat.
The CEPEJ- GT-MED believes that the analysis of the data and above all of the comments received can contribute to have a good
sense of the status of mediation in Europe. It has also helped the CEPEJ-GT-MED drawing recommendations for further actions to be developed in order to strengthen the recourse to mediation in Europe with the target to achieve by 2025 a ratio of not less than 25% between
disputes settled by mediation and disputes adjudicated in judicial proceedings in all four civil, family, penal and administrative matters.
ADR Center’s CEO, Mr. Leonardo D’Urso, is scientific expert of CEPEJ-GT-MED.
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At its 30th plenary meeting, the CEPEJ completed the list of existing Council of Europe instruments in the field of mediation, in particular the Council of Europe Recommendations (Recommendation (98) 1 on family mediation; Recommendation (99) 19 concerning mediation in criminal matters ; Recommendation (2001) 9 on alternatives to litigation between administrative authorities and private parties and Recommendation (2002) 10 on mediation in civil matters) and the CEPEJ Guidelines on civil, family, penal and administrative mediation by adopting a series of concrete tools to help member states to develop the use of mediation, as well as to support mediation actors in their daily practice. The Mediation development toolkit is intended to evolve and adapt to different national contexts and will be gradually completed with new tools.
ADR Center’s CEO, Mr. Leonardo D’Urso, as scientific expert of CEPEJ-GT-MED has contributed to the draft of this Toolkit.
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Ten years after their publication, the ultimate aim of this report is to assess the concrete impact in the
47 Member States of Council of Europe of the existing CEPEJ Guidelines on: penal mediation (CEPEJ(2007)13); family and civil mediation (CEPEJ(2007)14); alternatives to litigation between administrative authorities and private parties (CEPEJ(2007)15).
The Guidelines issued recommendations concerning the availability of mediation services includingspecific measures that should be taken to promote and set up workable mediation schemes such asmediator qualification, codes of conduct and the roles of the various parties. The Guidelines alsocovered the accessibility of the different mediation schemes, their impact on limitations of terms,sanctions, and cost. In addition, recommendations for increasing awareness of mediation by thegeneral public, judiciary, and lawyers among others is also included.
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The 2008 EU Directive on Mediation has been a key milestone for all Member States in introducing various national legislation on mediation in civil and commercial matters. However, the goals stated in Article 1 of the Directive, towards encouraging the use of mediation and especially achieving a “balanced relationship between mediation and judicial proceedings” have clearly not been realized. This paper, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs upon request by the JURI Committee, examines this issue in detail.
Despite the lack of homogeneous statistics, in almost all of the Member States mediation is used in less than 1% of the cases in court: for 1 mediation, 100 cases go to court. The only exception is the result of the Required Initial Mediation Session model currently used in Italy in a small portion of civil cases which is emerging as a best practice. The EU legislator should consider revising Article 5.2 of the Directive, requiring parties, in certain disputes, to participate at least in an initial mediation session with a trained mediator.
This mediation attempt should be fast and inexpensive. As an alternative, the EU should require the Member States to use the current version of Article 5.2 to a fuller extent, taking into consideration the type of dispute.
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Mediation as a form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (the functioning of Directive 2008/52/EC on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters offers substantial quantifiable and non-quantifiable benefits. The EU has played a valuable role promoting it among Member States, particularly through the Mediation Directive (2008/52/EC).
Studies show that the most effective way to build reliance on mediation is to integrate a mediation step into appropriate civil and commercial cases. Yet, in its current form, the Mediation Directive leaves this to Member States to decide. Mediation levels are a fraction of what they could be, resulting in tens of billions of Euros wasted each year. Seven years after its adoption, it may be time to upgrade the Directive to incorporate an integrated mediation obligation for Member States
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Rebooting the mediation directive: assessing the limited impact of its implementation and proposing measures to increase the number of mediations in the EU.
Five and a half years since its adoption, the Mediation Directive (2008/52/EC) has not yet solved the ‘EU Mediation Paradox’. Despite its proven and multiple benefits, mediation in civil and commercial matters is still used in less than 1% of the cases in the EU. This study, which solicited the views of up to 816 experts from all over Europe, clearly shows that this disappointing performance results from weak pro-mediation.
Policies, whether legislative or promotional, in almost all of the 28 Member States. The experts strongly supported a number of proposed non-legislative measures that could promote mediation development. But more fundamentally, the majority view of these experts suggests that introducing a ‘mitigated’ form of mandatory mediation may be the only way to make mediation eventually happens in the EU. The study therefore proposes two ways to “reboot” the Mediation Directive: amend it, or, based on the current wording of its Article 1, request that each Member State commit to, and reach, a simple “balanced relationship target number” between civil litigation and mediation.
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In the EU there was an absence of uniformity in legislation across the Member States, particularly when it came to mediation. The different individual frameworks failed to fully address the increasing levels of cross-border Business to Business (B2B) disputes. At the request of the European Commission Directorate General for Justice, a study was carried out by ADR Center jointly with Ecorys , as part of the preparation of possible new initiatives dealing with ADR in B2B disputes, complementing the instrument on ADR for B2C disputes, and complementing the Mediation Directive and the Brussels I Regulation.
The general policy objective of this study was to provide the European Commission with an accurate and comprehensive view of European businesses’ use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). To achieve this, the study had the following specific objectives:
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Despite the passage of the Mediation Directive in 2008, in many jurisdictions, lawyers, jurists and litigants were not yet familiar with mediation, making it difficult for advocates to counsel clients or for parties to make informed decisions on their dispute resolution options.
This project aimed at contributing to the overall objective of increasing the use of mediation in resolving cross-border commercial and civil disputes. It did so by assisting courts in implementing Article 5 of the Directive on mediation in civil and commercial matters, which deals with information sessions about mediations being “held and easily available” to parties and advocates. The specific objective of the project was to create a specialized, multi-language video about cross-border mediation, allowing the persons responsible for providing mediation information sessions to easily make these sessions available.
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In order to explore and quantify the impact that litigation has on the time and costs to the 26 Member States’ judicial systems, ADR Center implemented a study in the context of the European Commission-funded project “The Cost of Non ADR-Surveying and Showing the actual costs of Intra-Community Commercial Litigation”. The study measures the financial and time costs of not using mediation.
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In order to explore and quantify the impact that litigation has on the time and costs to the 26 Member States’ judicial systems, ADR Center implemented a study in the context of the European Commission-funded project “The Cost of Non ADR-Surveying and Showing the actual costs of Intra-Community Commercial Litigation”. The study measures the financial and time costs of not using mediation.
This project aimed at contributing to the overall objective of increasing the use of mediation in resolving cross-border commercial and civil disputes. It did so by assisting courts in implementing Article 5 of the Directive on mediation in civil and commercial matters, which deals with information sessions about mediations being “held and easily available” to parties and advocates. The specific objective of the project was to create a specialized, multi-language video about cross-border mediation, allowing the persons responsible for providing mediation information sessions to easily make these sessions available.
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In this highly informative and very useful book, thirty-three local experts describe the ongoing process of adopting and adapting modern techniques of dispute resolution for economic and commercial matters in Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
Each chapter illustrates multiple techniques, including court processes as well as arbitration and mediation processes, against the backdrop of economic and legislative changes that have occurred region-wide since the late twentieth century. The country-by-country presentations are especially valuable for their emphasis on how local ADR practices deal with, or are affected by, such factors as the following:
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In October 2009, more than 50 of the world’s leading negotiation scholars gathered in Istanbul, Turkey for the second in a series of three international conferences designed to critically examine what is taught in contemporary negotiation courses and how we teach them, with special emphasis on how best to “translate” teaching methodology to succeed with diverse, global audiences.
In organizing the Istanbul conference, we took particular note of a consistent strain of criticism of the artificiality of a classroom environment, which became a running theme of many of our authors in the project’s first year, captured in the previously published RETHINKING NEGOTIATION TEACHING: INNOVATIONS FOR CONTEXT AND CULTURE (DRI Press 2009). It would be hard to imagine a better environment for trying something new and different outside the classroom environment than Istanbul, and we tried to do honor to one of the world’s greatest trading cities in our design for the conference. In brief, we dispatched small teams of scholars into the city’s famous bazaars, for one exercise in studying how negotiation might be taught more actively, and dispatched teams into the city’s less touristy neighborhoods on another occasion, with instructions that required each team to negotiate internally. The resulting rich collection of scholarship is gathered in our current title – VENTURING BEYOND THE CLASSROOM.
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In May 2008, more than 50 of the world’s leading negotiation scholars and trainers gathered in Rome, Italy to embark on a multi-year effort to develop “second generation” global negotiation education.
The participants’ post-conference writings – the 22 chapters contained in RETHINKING NEGOTIATION TEACHING -critically examine what is currently taught in executive style negotiation courses and how we teach it, with special emphasis on how best to “translate” teaching methodology to succeed with diverse, global audiences. Collectively, the chapters provide a blueprint for designing courses to take account of the most recent discoveries in the growing, multi-disciplinary science of negotiation and confronting the challenges of teaching negotiation in cross-cultural settings.
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ADR Center Srl – Società Benefit
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ADR Center Srl – Società Benefit
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